Physical exercise improves insulin sensitivity of rats exposed to cigarette smoke

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: Sabe-se que o tabagismo pode provocar alterações cardiovasculares e redução na sensibilidade à insulina, e que o exercício físico melhora este quadro. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tabagismo e da prática de atividade física sobre a sensibilidade à insulina em músculo cardíaco de ratos, através da avaliação de expressão do transportador de glicose GLUT4. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: (CS) controle, (CE) controle exercitado, (FS) fumante sedentário e (FE) fumante submetido ao exercício físico. Os grupos FS e FE foram submetidos à combustão de quatro cigarros/30 min/60 dias, 2x/dia. Os grupos CE e FE executaram corrida em esteira rolante durante 60 min/60 dias. Foi realizado teste de tolerância à insulina, e a expressão de GLUT4 no coração foi feita através de Western Blotting - ECL e RT-PCR. Foi utilizado método estatístico descritivo e o teste ANOVA, e as diferenças entre os grupos foram consideradas significantes quando P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Nem o tabagismo nem a atividade física alteraram o peso corpóreo (CS: 364,7 ± 9,7; CE: 372,4 ± 7,2, FS: 368,9 ± 6,7; FE: 376,4 ± 7,8g) e o peso do coração (CS: 1,12 ± 0,05; CE: 1,16 ± 0,04; FS: 1,14 ± 0,05; FE: 1,19 ± 0,05g). A sensibilidade à insulina foi reduzida no grupo fumante, porém, a prática de exercício físico melhorou este quadro (CS: 3,7 ± 0,3; CE: 5,28 ± 0,5*; FS: 2,1 ± 0,7*; FE: 4,8 ± 0,09** %/min; *P < 0,05 vs. CS, **P < 0,05 vs. FS). Os conteúdos de RNAm e de proteína não se alteraram entre os grupos. Porém, quando se calculou o conteúdo total de proteína GLUT4 por grama de tecido, observou-se que o tabagismo causou redução e que o exercício induziu aumento neste parâmetro (CS: 119,72 ± 9,98; CE: 143,09 ± 9,09; FS: 84,36 ± 10,99*; FE: 132,18 ± 11,40# UA/g tecido, *P < 0,05 vs. CS, #P < 0,01 vs. FS). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o tabagismo reduz a sensibilidade à insulina e a capacidade do coração captar glicose. Já a prática de exercício físico moderado reverte este quadro por completo.GOAL: Smoking can cause cardiovascular diseases and reduction on insulin sensitivity. This study evaluated the effect of smoking and associated moderate physical activity on the insulin sensitivity in the heart by GLUT4 gene expression. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: (C) control, (Ex) exercised, (SS) sedentary smoker and (ES) exercised smoker. SS and ES groups were submitted to cigarette smoke exposition, 30 min/2x a day/60 days. Ex and EF groups performed running on a treadmill, during 60min/60 days. GLUT4 protein and mRNA contents analysis was performed by Western Blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: The results showed that neither smoking nor physical activity changed body weight (C: 364.7 ± 9.7, Ex: 372.4 ± 7.2, SS: 368.9 ± 6.7, ES: 376.4 ± 7.8 g) and heart weight (C: 1.12 ± 0.05; Ex: 1.16 ± 0.04; SS: 1.14 ± 0.05; ES: 1.19 ± 0,05g). Insulin sensitivity was reduced in sedentary smoker group, and exercise improved this condition (C: 3.7 ± 0.3; Ex: 5.28 ± 0.5 *; SS: 2.1 ± 0.7 *; ES: 4.8 ± 0.09 **; *P <0.05 vs C, ** P <0.05 vs. SS). mRNA and protein contents did not change among the groups. On the other hand, smoking caused reduction, and exercise provoked increase in GLUT4 total content per gram of heart (C: 119.72±9.98; Ex: 143.09±9.09; SS: 84.36±10.99*; ES: 132.18±11.40# AU/ g tissue, *P<0.05 vs C, #P<0.01 vs SS). CONCLUSION: We concluded that smoking reduces insulin sensitivity and the cardiac ability in uptaking glucose, which can be reversed by moderate physical exercise.FAPES

Resistive training reduces inflammation in skeletal muscle and improves the peripheral insulin sensitivity in obese rats induced by hyperlipidic diet

OBJETIVO: Investigar em ratos obesos o efeito da prática de exercício resistido sobre a sensibilidade à insulina e sobre a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e de transportador de glicose em músculo solear. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (grupos obesos) foram submetidos ao protocolo de exercício tipo jump squat. A sensibilidade à insulina e a expressão gênica de Tnf-&#945;, SOCS3 e GLUT4 foram comparadas entre os grupos obesos sedentários (OS) e exercitados (OE) e controles sedentários (CS) e exercitados (CE). RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade à insulina estava reduzida no grupo OS e elevada no OE. Os conteúdos de RNAm de Tnf-&#945; e de SOCS3 estavam aumentados no músculo esquelético do grupo OS e reduzidos no OE. O conteúdo proteico e de RNAm de GLUT4 não diferiu entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício resistido reverte o quadro de resistência à insulina periférica e de inflamação no músculo esquelético de obesos induzidos por dieta.OBJECTIVE: To determine if resistive exercise protocol can modulate Tnf-&#945;, SOCS3 and glucose transporter GLUT4 genes expression in skeletal muscle, and peripheral insulin sensitivity in obese rats induced by hyperlipidic diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar obese rats induced by hyperlipidic diet were subjected a resistive exercise protocol as jump squat. Insulin sensitivity and mRNA content of Tnf-&#945;, SOCS3 and GLUT4 were assayed and compared among the groups: obese sedentary (OS) and exercised (OE), control sedentary (CS) and exercised (CE). RESULTS: The mRNA content of Tnf-&#945; and SOCS3 has increased in skeletal muscle from OS and has decreased in OE group. The protein and GLUT4 mRNA contents were correlated but they did not change among the groups. Peripheral insulin sensitivity has increased in the OE compared to OS group. CONCLUSION: The resistive exercise reverses the peripheral insulin resistance and the inflammatory state in skeletal muscle from diet-induced obese rats

ANÁLISE MORFOLÓGICA DAS VIAS AÉREAS DE RATOS EXPOSTOS À FUMAÇA DO CIGARRO, E AO ÁLCOOL E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO

O tabagismo é uma das maiores causas de mortalidade no mundo, aproximadamente 16 mil pessoas morrem por dia com as doenças que são provocadas pela fumaça de cigarro, esse valor inclui tabagistas ativos e passivos. A exposição à fumaça que contém aproximadamente 4,7 mil substâncias tóxicas modifica o revestimento das vias aéreas. O exercício físico regular é importante para melhorar as lesões teciduais provocadas pela exposição da fumaça de cigarro. Estudos mostram que o hábito de fumar está relacionado ao consumo de álcool, 80 a 95% dos tabagistas também são etilistas Metodologia: Será realizado um estudo experimental composto por 80 animais divididos aleatoriamente em oito grupos: GC: grupo controle; GT: grupo tabagista; GA: grupo alcoólico; GTA: grupo tabagista e alcoólico; GTE: grupo tabagista e exercício; GAE: grupo alcoólico e exercício; GTAE: grupo tabagista, alcoólico e exercício; GCE: grupo controle exercício. Será realizada autopsia para retirada dos pulmões e posterior análise histopatológica utilizando-se da coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e alcian blue para avaliação do infiltrado inflamatório e muco, respectivamente. Os resultados serão avaliados pelo teste ANOVA e nível de significância de 5%

Efeito da exposição à fumaça de cigarro durante a prenhez e a lactação de ratas e sua prole sobre parâmetros séricos e morfométricos

PURPOSE: to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on body and tissue weight gain, serum parameters and milk yield during pregnancy and lactation in rats, and the impact on offspring from birth toil young adulthood. METHODS: 40 Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into: CG - not exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of pregnancy; CL - not exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of lactation; FG - exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of pregnancy; FL - exposed to cigarette smoke and sacrificed at the end of lactation. The offspring were separated by gender and divided according to their mothers' groups. Tissue weight, body weight and serum parameters were evaluated in rats and offspring. Milk yield per pup was calculated. RESULTS: body weight was decreased in FL during lactation (CL=267.0±7.2; FL=235.5±7.2 g*, *p<0.05). Adipose tissue was not detected in the CL and FL groups, and was reduced in FG compared to CG (CG=3.3±0.3; FG=2.4±0.3 g*, *p<0.05). Rats exposed to cigarette smoke had higher blood glucose levels (CG=113±17, CL=86±16, FG=177±21*, FL=178±23 mg/dL*, *p<0.05 CG versus FG e CL versus FL), CL and FL groups presented lower HDL-cholesterol with no change in total cholesterol. Finally, rats exposed to cigarette smoke had lower milk yield compared to unexposed rats (CL=6.7±0.4, FL=5.4±0.3 g*, *p<0.05). In offspring from the FG and FL groups, there was a decrease of body weight from birth to young adulthood, with no changes in gastrocnemius, liver or heart weights in any group, and adipose tissue was no detected in female offspring. There was an increase in blood glucose in offspring of both sexes from rats exposed to cigarette smoke (males: Pcg=107±10.5, Pcl=115±8.6, Pfg=148±16.8*, Pfl=172±11.2**; females: Pcg=109±27.2, Pcl=104±9.7, Pfg=134±20.0*, Pfl=126±13.3**; p<0.05 *Pcg versus Pfg and **Pcl versus Pfl). CONCLUSIONS: exposure to cigarette smoke provokes impairment of morphometric and serum parameters during pregnancy and lactation both in mothers and offspring, which is maintained during young adulthood

Palmitate-induced Slc2a4/GLUT4 downregulation in L6 muscle cells: evidence of inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress involvement

Abstract Background Obesity is strongly associated to insulin resistance, inflammation, and elevated plasma free fatty acids, but the mechanisms behind this association are not fully comprehended. Evidences suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may play a role in this complex pathophysiology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of inflammation and ER stress in the modulation of glucose transporter GLUT4, encoded by Slc2a4 gene, in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Methods L6 cells were acutely (2 h) and chronically (6 and 12 h) exposed to palmitate, and the expression of several proteins involved in insulin resistance, ER stress and inflammation were analyzed. Results Chronic and acute palmitate exposure significantly reduced GLUT4 protein (~ 39%, P < 0.01) and its mRNA (18%, P < 0.01) expression. Only acute palmitate treatment increased GRP78 (28%, P < 0.05), PERK (98%, P < 0.01), eIF-2A (35%, P < 0.01), IRE1a (60%, P < 0.05) and TRAF2 (23%, P < 0.05) protein content, and PERK phosphorylation (106%, P < 0.001), but did not elicit eIF-2A, IKK phosphorylation or increased XBP1 nuclear content. Additionally, acute and chronic palmitate increased NFKB p65 nuclear content (~ 30%, P < 0.05) and NFKB binding activity to Slc2a4 gene promoter (~ 45%, P < 0.05). Conclusion Different pathways are activated in acute and chronic palmitate induced-repression of Slc2a4/GLUT4 expression. This regulation involves activation of initial component of ER stress, such as the formation of a IRE1a-TRAF2-IKK complex, and converges to NFKB-induced repression of Slc2a4/GLUT4. These results link ER stress, inflammation and insulin resistance in L6 cells

Morfometria das fibras musculares do músculo reto femoral de ratos submetidos à nicotina e ao treinamento aeróbio

A musculatura estriada esquelética apresenta plasticidade fenotípica e pode se alterar mediante o tabagismo e o exercício físico. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tratamento crônico de nicotina associado ao treinamento aeróbio sobre o Músculo Reto Femoral (mRF). Para tanto, foram utilizados 16 ratos jovens machos Wistar, divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo Controle (GC, N=4); Grupo Fumante (GF, N=4); Grupo Exercício (GE, N=4); Grupo Fumante Exercício (GFE, N=4).  Os animais foram submetidos a um sistema de inalação de nicotina e protocolo de exercício em esteira por 60 dias. Os animais foram pesados e eutanasiados, o mRF dissecado, pesado, fixado em formol 10% e submetido à coloração Hematoxilina e Eosina. Imagens de campos aleatórios do aspecto transversal do músculo foram capturadas e aproximadamente 200 fibras musculares de cada animal analisadas quanto à área da secção transversal (AST) e submetidas à ANOVA seguida pelo Test de Fisher, p0,05. O GFE apresentou maior peso muscular em relação ao GC, p = 0,0019.  Na análise da AST das fibras musculares totais do mRF, o GFE apresentou diferença significativa em relação ao GC (p=0,0189). Em relação à região superficial, o GE obteve valor de AST superior ao GC (p=0,0502), bem como o grupo GFE (p=0,0038). Concluímos que as fibras musculares do GFE apresentaram-se hipertrofiadas e que pode existir correlação entre o exercício aeróbio e o consumo da nicotina na alteração dessas fibras. ABSTRACT Morphometry of muscle fibers of the rectus femoris muscle of rats submitted to nicotine and to aerobic trainingThe skeletal striated muscle tissue presents phenotypic plasticity and it can be altered with cigarette smoke and physical exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the nicotine chronical treatment associated with aerobic training about rectus Femoral Muscle (rFM). Four groups of young male Wistar rats were studied (N=16): Control Group (CG, N=4); Smoking Group (SG, N=4); Exercise Group (EG, N=4); Smoking Exercise Group (SEG, N=4). The animals were submitted to nicotine inhalation system and treadmill exercise protocol during 60 days. The animals were weighed and euthanized, the mRF dissected, weighed, fixed in 10% formol and it submitted to Hematoxylin and Eosin coloration. Randon images  with approximately 200 muscular fibers of each animal  were captured in the transversal aspect of the muscle, analyzed cross-sectional area (CSA) and submitted to ANOVA followed by Ficher’s Test, p0,05. The SEG presented a higher weigh muscular in relation to CG, p=0, 0019. On the CSA analysis of the rFM total muscle fibers, the SEG presented significant difference in relation to GC (p=0,0502), the same occurred with SEG group (p=0,0038). In conclusion, the muscular fibers SEG became hypertrophied and can be correlation between aerobic exercise and cigarette smoke about muscle fibers

Intra-abdominal fat is related to metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fat liver disease in obese youth

Background: Previous studies have shown an association between adiposity, especially intra-abdominal adipose tissue, and hemodynamic/metabolic comorbidities in adults, however it is not clear in pediatric population. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and components of metabolic syndrome (MS) with values of intra-abdominal (IAAT) and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissue in obese children and adolescents.Methods: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: 182 obese sedentary children and adolescents (aged 6 to 16 y), identified by the body mass index (BMI). Measurements: Body composition and trunk fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry- DXA; lipid profile, blood pressure and pubertal stage were also assessed. NAFLD was classified as absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2) and severe (3), and intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat thickness were identified by ultrasound. The MS was identified according to the cut offs proposed by World Health Organization adapted for children and adolescents. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, and the binary logistic regression indicated the magnitude of the associations adjusted by potential cofounders (sex, age, maturation, NAFLD and HOMA-IR).Results: Higher quartile of SCAT was associated with elevated blood pressure (p = 0.015), but not associated with NAFLD (p = 0.665). Higher IAAT was positively associated with increased dyslipidemia (p = 0.001), MS (p = 0.013) and NAFLD (p = 0.005). Intermediate (p = 0.007) and highest (p = 0.001) quartile of IAAT were also associated with dyslipidemia, independently of age, sex, maturation, NAFLD and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance).Conclusion: Obese children and adolescents, with higher IAAT are more prone to develop MS and NAFLD than those with higher values of SCAT, independent of possible confounding variables. © 2013 Silveira et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd